Digital Watermarking

Image Authentication

Difference images

• original image

  Lena (grayscale)	Lena (color)

• spatial domain

  Bruyndonckx*	Kutter*	Langelaar*	Fridrich*
  Voyatzis*

• DCT domain

  Cox*	Koch*	Benham*	Fridrich (combination)*

• wavelet domain

  Wang*	Wang (blind)*	Kundur*	Xia*
  Corvi*	Xie*	Zhu*	Dugad*
  Inoue (insignificant)*	Inoue (blind)*	Inoue (significant)
  Kim*

Robustness & confidence results

• correlation (no attack): extracting 100 or 1000 random watermarks (watermark #45 resp. #450 match the embedded watermark)
• PSNR values for attacks

  spatial domain

• median filtering: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• StirMark^* (geometric distortion): compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• grayscale/color depth: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• down-scaling: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• smoothing: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• gamma correction: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• cropping: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only

  frequency domain

• JPEG^* compression: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only

  wavelet-transform domain

• SPIHT^* compression: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• IW4^* compression: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• EPIC^* compression: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• EPWIC-1^* compression: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• WaveKit^* compression: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• EZW*,* compression: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only
• JPEG2000* compression: compare wavelet (blind, non-blind)-, DCT-, spatial domain watermarking algorithms only

• secret^* stuff :-)

Attacks

• on all watermarks
• on spatial domain watermarks
• on DCT domain watermarks
• on wavelet domain watermarks
  • blind algorithms
  • non-blind algorithms

Presentations

• my CS691 presentation (August 3, 1999; Bowling Green, Ohio)
• Warum Watermarking? (in German; November 10, 1999)
• Privatissimum presentation Zwei Watermarking-Verfahren im Wavelet-Bereich (in German; November 22, 1999)
• Privatissimum presentation Watermarking mit parametrisierten Wavelet-Filtern (in German; June 7, 2000)
• Privatissimum presentation QIM watermarking in the JPEG2000 coding pipeline (in English; December 6, 2000)
• PhD seminar Scalable Video Watermarking (in English; June 25, 2007)

Talks

• Robustness and Security of Wavelet-Based Watermarking Algorithms, Guest Lecture, Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK (May 11, 2000)
• Authentication Watermarking and JPEG2000, Workshop on Multimedia Security und Watermarking, TU-Wien, Austria (May 21 - 22, 2002)

Papers

• Sicherheit und Robustheit Wavelet-basierter Watermarking-Algorithmen, Informatik 2000, Berlin, Germany
• A Survey of Wavelet-Domain Watermarking Algorithms, EI '01, San Jose, CA, USA
• Quantization Watermarking in the JPEG2000 Coding Pipeline, CMS '01, Darmstadt, Germany
• Watermark security via wavelet filter parametrization, ICIP '01, Thessaloniki, Greece
• Attacks, applications and evaluation of known watermarking algorithms with Checkmark, EI '02, San Jose, CA, USA
• Toward robust watermarking of scalable video, EI '08, San Jose, CA, USA

Thesis

• Digital Image Watermarking in the Wavelet Transform Domain, Master's Thesis (January 11, 2001)

Links

• Salzburger Nachrichten vom 4. April 2000: Neuer Schutz für Copyright (in German)
• Lenna 97: A Complete Story of Lenna, The Lenna Story and the high-resolution full pictures, contains nudity :-)
• Fabien A. Petitcolas's information hiding page
• Patrick Loo's homepage
• Digital WatermarkingWorld
• Joachim Eggers's homepage (conference list)
• Ganesh watermarking resources (local use only!)

References

[Adelson87a] Edward H. Adelson, Eero P. Simoncelli, and Rajesh Hingorani.

Orthogonal pyramid transforms for image coding. In Proceedings of SPIE, volume 845, October 1987.

[Algazi95a] V. R. Algazi and R. R. Estes.

Analysis based coding of image transform and subband coefficients. In Applications of Digital Image Processing XVII, Proceedings of the SPIE,, volume 2564, pages 11 - 21, 1995.

[Benham97a] Dave Benham, Nasir Memon, Boon-Lock Yeo, and Minerva M. Yeung.

Fast watermarking of DCT-based compressed images. In Hamid R. Arabnia, editor, Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Science, Systems, and Technology, CISST '97, Las Vegas, USA, 1997.

[Bottou98a] Leon Bottou, Patrick Haffner, Paul G. Howard, Patrice Simard, Yoshua Bengio, and Yann LeCun.

High quality document image compression with djvu. Journal of Electronic Imaging, July 1998.

[Bruyndonckx95a] O. Bruyndonckx, Jean-Jacques Quisquater, and Benoit M. Macq.

Spatial method for copyright labeling of digital images. In IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing '95, Thessaloniki, Greece, pages 456 - 459, 1995.

[Buccigrossi97a] Robert W. Buccigrossi and Eero P. Simoncelli.

Progressive wavelet image coding based on a conditional probability model. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP '97, Munich, Germany, April 1997.

[Corvi97a] Marco Corvi and Gianluca Nicchiotti.

Wavelet-based image watermarking for copyright protection. In Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis SCIA '97, Lappeenranta, Finland, June 1997.

[Cox97b] Ingemar J. Cox, Joe Kilian, Tom Leighton, and Talal G. Shamoon.

Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP '97, volume 6, pages 1673 - 1687, Santa Barbara, California, USA, 1997.

[Davis97a] Geoffrey M. Davis and Sumit Chawla.

Image coding using optimized significance tree quantization. In Proceedings of Data Compression Conference, pages 387 - 396, 1997.

[Dugad98a] Rakesh Dugad, Krishna Ratakonda, and Narendra Ahuja.

A new wavelet-based scheme for watermarking images. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP '98, Chicago, IL, USA, October 1998.

[Fridrich97a] Jiri Fridrich.

Methods for data hiding. Technical report, Center for Intelligent Systems, SUNY Binghamton, USA, 1997.

[Fridrich98c] Jiri Fridrich.

Combining low-frequency and spread spectrum watermarking. In Proceedings of the SPIE Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation, San Diego, USA, July 1998.

[Inoue98a] Hisashi Inoue, Akio Miyazaki, Akihiro Yamamoto, and Takashi Katsura.

A digital watermark based on the wavelet transform and its robustness on image compression. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP '98, Chicago, IL, USA, 1998.

[Kim99c] Jong Ryul Kim and Young Shik Moon.

A robust wavelet-based digital watermark using level-adaptive thresholding. In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing ICIP '99, page 202, Kobe, Japan, October 1999.

[Koch95a] Eckhard Koch and Jian Zhao.

Towards robust and hidden image copyright labeling. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing, pages 452 - 455, Halkidiki, Marmaras, Greece, June 1995.

[Kundur98a] Deepa Kundur and Dimitrios Hatzinakos.

Digital watermarking using multiresolution wavelet decomposition. In Proceedings of IEEE ICASSP '98, volume 5, pages 2969 - 2972, Seattle, WA, USA, May 1998.

[Kutter97a] Martin Kutter, Frédéric Jordan, and Frank Bossen.

Digital signature of color images using amplitude modulation. In Ishwar K. Sethi, editor, Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, volume 2952, pages 518 - 526, San Jose, USA, 1997.

[Langelaar97a] Gerrit C. Langelaar, Reginald L. Lagendijk, and Jan Biemond.

Robust labeling methods for copy protection of images. In Ishwar K. Sethi, editor, Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, volume 3022, San Jose, USA, 1997.

[Pennebaker93a] W. B. Pennebaker and J. L. Mitchell.

JPEG Still Image Compression Standard. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993.

[Petitcolas99c] Fabien A. P. Petitcolas and Ross J. Anderson.

Evaluation of copyright marking systems. In Proceedings of IEEE Multimedia Systems '99, volume 1, pages 574 - 579, Florence, Italy, June 1999.

[Said96a] Amir Said and William A. Pearlman.

A new, fast, and efficient image codec based on set partitioing in hierarchical trees. In IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, volume 6, pages 243 - 250, June 1996.

[Shapiro93a] Jerome M. Shapiro.

Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients. In IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, volume 41, pages 3445 - 3462, December 1993.

[Voyatzis98a] George Voyatzis and Ioannis Pitas.

Digital image watermarking using mixing systems. Computer \& Graphics, 22 pp. 405 - 416, August 1998.

[Wang98b] Houng-Jyh Wang, Po-Chyi Su, and C.-C. Jay Kuo.

Wavelet-based digital image watermarking. Optics Express, 3 pp. 497, December 1998.

[Xia98a] Xiang-Gen Xia, Charles G. Boncelet, and Gonzalo R. Arce.

Wavelet transform based watermark for digital images. Optics Express, 3 pp. 497, December 1998.

[Xie98a] Liehua Xie and Gonzalo R. Arce.

Joint wavelet compression and authentication watermarking. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP '98, Chicago, IL, USA, 1998.

[Zhu98a] Wenwu Zhu, Zixiang Xiong, and Ya-Qin Zhang.

Multiresolution watermarking for images and video: a unified approach. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ICIP '98, Chicago, IL, USA, October 1998.